According to an advanced practice nurse, the answer really depends.
Most of us have several over-the-counter and prescription medicines stored for safekeeping in our bathroom cabinets: prescribed pills from previous injuries and hospital stays, tablets of allergy relief medicine and decongestants, and bottles of aspirin we've brought home after getting an unexpected headache at work. Those medications have expiration dates stamped on them, but how important are they? Is it ever safe to take a pain pill that has an expiration date of a week, a month, or even a year ago?
Pharmaceutical expiration dates are not like the expiration dates you will find on fresh vegetables, meats, or dairy products. Unlike perishable foods, many medications do not spoil or "go bad" in the sense that we usually think of when we talk about expiration dates. When it comes to the majority of your medications, the expiration is only the last date that the pharmaceutical company can guarantee its potency. "So, they [meaning drug companies] never really recommend taking medicines after expiration dates," says Kari Sierant, an advanced practice nurse (APN) based in New Jersey. "They want to make sure that you get the full potency and safe medication, and that is why they make expiration dates."
Some medications, like those for cardiac health or diabetes management, have hard expiration dates. Sierant says that medicines like nitroglycerin, insulin and liquid antibiotics should not be taken after their expiration dates. These medicines require special handling and storage, and they contain ingredients that can spoil. For prescriptions that affect your ability to live, you need to have the right potency and the guarantee of freshness. These, however, are the exceptions. "Some effectiveness can decrease over time, but a lot of studies have shown that the original potency still remains with most common medicines years after the expiration date," Sierant says. "A lot of medicines also show that 70 to 80 percent keep their original potency one to two years after expiration date."
The Test for Using Expired Medications
For medications that do not need to be refrigerated or that do not need to be at full potency to ensure your life and well-being, you can get away with taking them months (and even years) after their printed expiration dates, Sierant says. So, for example, you can take that expired aspirin for your headache but you should order a new bottle of insulin instead of using one that hit expiration even a day ago.
What Can You Take?
While medical professionals recommend that you only take medications that are unexpired, you can still safely take the following kind of medicines after their expiration date if you don't need them to be at full potency in order to make you feel better: pain relievers such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in tablet form; antihistamines, allergy, and sinus tablets; and cold medicines like Mucinex, Sudafed, and Theraflu, in tablet or powder form.
If the medication comes in a dry form, like tablet or powder, and has been stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight, then the medication may still retain its potency and effectiveness years later. In addition to storing medicines properly, you should consider the look and smell of the medicines before taking them. (Aspirin, for one, has chemical ingredients that can go bad after a certain amount of time and can smell like vinegar.) But medications that come in liquid forms or that contain perishable ingredients (like probiotics) or need to be refrigerated should be used within the time frame prescribed by your doctor and by the expiration dates on the bottle. Antibiotics also need to be taken when prescribed. "These are medications that you would never want to worry about whether they are effective or not when you need them," Sierant says. "The expiration dates should be heeded for these medicines."
I don’t know about your medicine cabinet, but mine is a jumble of mostly expired drugs: the muscle relaxants I got when I threw out my back a few years ago; the anti-nausea medicine I never took during my stomach woes last summer; the Xanax to occasionally help me cope with the dizzying state of the world.
I’ve often wondered what I should do with these expired medicines — whether and how I should get rid of them, if they’re unsafe to use or whether some might still work perfectly well. For this week’s newsletter, I dug into the research and reached out to three eminent pharmacists, one of whom has studied expired medicines, to gain some insight.
Here’s what expiration dates and other ‘use-by’ labels really mean.
With guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, manufacturers set drug expiration dates based on tests they have conducted to determine how long the medication will remain safe and effective.
An expiration date “represents a promise that the medication is good at least that long, if properly stored,” explained Dan Sheridan, a medication safety pharmacist at OhioHealth Marion General Hospital. Many expiration dates are set between one and five years after the drug is made.
For many prescription drugs, however, what you see on your bottle is not an expiration date but a “beyond use” date. (On my prescriptions, this date appears after the words “Discard by.”) The beyond use date is typically sooner than the medication’s original expiration date, explained James Stevenson, a pharmacist at the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy and the chief clinical officer at the health care technology company Omnicell. That’s because a pharmacist often has to handle, mix with other ingredients and move a medicine into a new container in order to give it to you, and doing so reduces the amount of time it will be usable, he said.
For some drugs, the beyond use date is just a few days or weeks after the medicine is dispensed. “A powdered antibiotic suspension may be good on the pharmacy shelf for two years, but for only 14 days once the pharmacy adds water and dispenses it to the patient,” Mr. Sheridan explained.
Some drugs may work past their expiration date.
Although expiration and beyond use dates provide useful information — you can feel confident your medicine will work for at least that long if it’s been properly stored (more on that in a minute) — drugs don’t necessarily become dangerous or less potent once that date has passed, said Lee Cantrell, a clinical pharmacist with the School of Pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco.
In a small 2012 study, Dr. Cantrell and three colleagues tested eight drugs, containing 14 widely differing active ingredients, that had been sitting unopened in a pharmacy closet with expiration dates that had passed between 28 and 40 years earlier. They found that 86 percent of the drugs’ ingredients were still present in the concentrations they were supposed to be. The findings suggest that some medications, like acetaminophen and the opioid painkiller hydrocodone, retain their potency “for a long, long time,” he said.
Dr. Cantrell pointed out, though, that he and his colleagues did not actually test the drugs in people. “I can’t say that it’s OK to take expired medication,” he said. The F.D.A. also recommends against taking expired drugs. However, he has been working at the California Poison Control Center in San Diego for nearly 30 years, and said that people call the center regularly after realizing they have taken expired medicines, worried about what will happen. To his knowledge, nothing bad ever has, he said.
Dr. Cantrell’s study is one of just a few published studies that have evaluated the chemistry of expired medicines. In a study published in 2006, researchers with the F.D.A. and the pharmaceutical company Sandoz tested 122 different drug products and found that 88 percent were still safe to use an average of 5.5 years past their expiration date.
In fact, the F.D.A. sometimes tests expired drugs needed for public health emergencies and extends their expiration dates if they are found to work and be safe. You can check whether the expiration dates of any of the drugs you own have been extended by searching here.
Some drugs should, however, be discarded.
When considering whether to take an expired drug, use your common sense. It’s safer to take an expired drug to treat a health nuisance — like ibuprofen to aid a headache or allergy medicine to treat mild hay fever — than it is to take one to treat a serious medical condition, Dr. Cantrell said.
One class of drugs you shouldn’t use past their expiration date are antibiotics, Dr. Stevenson said. If you take an antibiotic that is not as strong as it should be, “that could actually be harmful,” he said, because the drug might not effectively fight your infection. Research from the 1960s also linked expired tetracycline to kidney problems, perhaps because the antibiotic produces dangerous chemicals when it breaks down, but it’s unclear if current formulations pose this risk.
Mr. Sheridan also cautioned against using expired eye drops — they can become contaminated with microorganisms; and expired nitroglycerin, as the explosive that is also used to treat chest pain in people with heart disease loses its potency over time. The American Diabetes Association does not recommend using insulin past its expiration date, either.
Most drugs can be discarded in the trash, but the F.D.A. recommends that you mix them with coffee grounds, dirt or cat litter so that they are less appealing to children or pets who might consider eating them, and that they should be sealed in a bag or container. Some drugs that have abuse potential, including those containing opioids, should not be thrown away.
According to the F.D.A., these drugs can be flushed down the toilet, but the Environmental Protection Agency warns that doing so can cause drugs to contaminate drinking water, rivers and lakes, since many water treatment plants are not equipped to remove medicines. Mr. Sheridan instead recommended dropping drugs into secure medication disposal boxes found at pharmacies. Also, the Drug Enforcement Administration partners with local governments to collect drugs on designated “National Prescription Drug Take Back Day” events.
Store medications properly to maximize shelf life.
To ensure that your medications will work until — and perhaps past — their expiration or beyond use dates, store them properly. “Ironically, a medicine cabinet in a bathroom is not a good place to store medications,” Mr. Sheridan said. “The high temperatures and humidity may cause the medication to break down more quickly.” He suggested storing medicines in cool, dry locations that are out of the reach of direct sunlight (and children). But of course, if there are different storage directions on the bottle, be sure to follow them. Some drugs, for instance, need to be refrigerated.
Clearly, I have some changes to make at home: I keep my medicines in the bathroom, and I am pretty sure I have expired antibiotics hiding in my stash somewhere. But I may not throw all my expired medicines out — or at least, not just yet. I’ll keep my slightly expired ibuprofen around in case of emergencies. And maybe my Xanax.
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